Present-day cultural commentators often call attention to the increasingly siloed character of modern society: more and more, it seems that when people do gather, it tends to be with those who are already like themselves. This tendency to gather only with those who are like us reflects the violence that philosopher Emmanuel Levinas diagnosed as the reduction of the Other to “the same,” that is, to what one already knows, expects, or is comfortable with. In response to this violence, Levinas developed an ethics of Otherness, based on preserving the otherness of the Other in our encounters with her. However, this ethics of otherness risks its own violence—for example, keeping the other at a distance—as pointed out by James Olthuis in his recent book Dancing in the Wild Spaces of Love. My project uses Olthuis’ understanding of “non-oppositional difference” to develop an ethics of community that avoids these twin violences, based on a radical vision of love as healing division without erasing otherness. To do this, I explore the influence on Olthuis’ thinking of philosopher and psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva, whose discussion of guilt and forgiveness explores how both meaning and healing can come through the linguistic encounter in which psychoanalysis is conducted. Together, Olthuis and Kristeva chart a path toward reconciliation and community that requires us to relearn and redefine the ways in which we encounter one another.
How does one allow another to be an Other? Philosophical dimensions of guilt and forgiveness
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